American Lobster
American Lobster
Homarus americanus
Lobster
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Sourcing Summary
American lobster is caught year-round in the United States, peaking in summer and early fall. In Canada, seasons vary but generally landings peak in May and June and once again in December. The best time to buy is in May when the Canadian Gulf of St. Lawrence fishery opens and summer demand has not started. Post-Labor Day can be good because landings from Maine are strong and summer demand has dropped. Buying lobster from Maine in early summer can include soft-shell lobsters, a.k.a. "shedders," which can have poorer meat fill. Most lobsters are sold live by size grade (in lbs.): chickens (.75-1.0), heavy chickens (1.0-1.25), quarters (1.25-1.50), selects (1.50-1.75), deuces (1.75-2.0), heavy selects (2.0-2.25), small jumbos (2.25-2.50), and jumbos (2.50-4.0).
Harvest Methods
Wild
Product Forms
Fresh
- Live
Frozen
- Claws
- Tail
- Whole
Texture
Health & Nutrition
Nutrition facts
- Calories90.00
- Total Fat1.00g
- Cholesterol95.00mg
- Sodium296.00mg
- Carbohydrates0.00g
- Protein19.00g
- Omega-30.00g
Recommended Servings per Month
- Men4+
- Women4+
- Kids 6-124
- Kids 0-52
American lobsters have 10 legs, two of which are large claws. One claw is used to crush shells; the other has edges resembling a steak knife and is used to tear soft flesh. Alive, they have an olive-green or green-brown coloring and turn red after they are cooked.
It is difficult to determine the exact age of American lobsters because they molt and shed their shells as they grow. Scientists believe they can live up to 100 years old. American lobsters grow up to three feet in length (about one meter) and can weigh up to 44 pounds. Lobsters grow by molting. They shed their old shells while simultaneously absorbing water, thus expanding their body size. Within the first five to seven years of their life, lobsters molt about 25 times. Once they are older, they molt once per year. It takes two to five years for a lobster to grow to legal harvesting size. American lobsters eat voraciously after they molt, often consuming their recently vacated shells. This replenishes lost calcium and helps to harden their new shells.
Lobsters typically mate after the females molt. Males will deposit their sperm in the soft-shelled females, who store them on the underside of their tails for up to a year. Females can produce between 5,000 and 100,000 eggs, which are fertilized as they are released in late spring or early summer. The free-swimming larvae molt four times before they resemble adults, and settle on the ocean floor.
American lobster diets vary regionally because they are opportunistic feeders, feeding on whatever prey is most abundant. Larvae and juveniles mainly eat zooplankton. Adults feed on a variety of crabs, mollusks, worms, sea urchins, sea stars, fish, and macroalgae. A variety of bottom-dwellers prey upon lobsters, including fish, sharks, rays, skates, crabs, and octopuses. Young lobsters are more vulnerable to predators than large lobsters because of their softer, less-developed shells.
American lobsters occur in the northwest Atlantic Ocean from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Both inshore and offshore populations occur in the US. They are most abundant from Maine to New Jersey in inshore, coastal waters with abundance declining from north to south. Coastal lobsters inhabit a variety of benthic habitats and prefer rocky areas with crevices where they can find shelter as well as mud bottoms they can burrow into. Inshore lobsters generally inhabit depths between 13 and 164 feet (four and 50 meters) deep and do not regularly migrate.
Offshore, American lobsters occur from Maine through North Carolina along the edge of the continental shelf near underwater canyons. Offshore lobsters can occur up to depths to 2,300 feet and conduct extensive migrations of about 50 to 190 miles during the spring. Three U.S. stocks have been identified based on differences in life history parameters as well as biogeographic and biophysical differences. These stocks are the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, and Southern New England stocks. Of these three stocks, the Gulf of Maine and Southern New England stocks are predominantly inshore fisheries, while the Georges Bank stock is predominantly an offshore fishery. Both adult and juveniles can be found in water temperatures ranging from 32 up to 68 degrees Fahrenheit (zero up to 20 degrees Celsius). After that, American lobsters hit a “stress threshold” in which prolonged exposure produces adverse health problems for the lobster and can ultimately lead to its death. As ocean temperatures increase as a result of climate change, the Southern New England stock, as well as other populations, are moving to cooler, offshore or northern waters – disrupting the natural life history of the species.
- WildScience:
The New England Aquarium is developing techniques to breed American lobsters and is analyzing the economic feasibility of commercial American lobster aquaculture. Lobster farming requires a lot of space and maintenance. Larvae are very aggressive in captivity and must be kept moving by creating a current in the basin until the post-larvae stage. Afterward, each individual must be isolated to prevent fighting and cannibalism. Water temperatures must also be meticulously maintained for each larval stage, as well as to grow lobster more rapidly than they grow in the wild. Currently, most farmed lobster are released back into the wild while they are still young in order to increase natural populations.
Many states have established ventless trap surveys to quantify the abundance of juvenile lobsters. These surveys work better than trawl surveys because they work on rocky and ledge habitats, as well as in areas where static gear (such as lobster pots and gillnets) are set. The ventless traps are designed to collect information about catch rates of sublegal lobster, which represents future recruitment to the fishery. Traps are randomly placed in groups of six between June and November in certain depth categories and geographic areas. They sit for three nights at a time, and the biological information for the lobster caught is recorded, such as shell disease condition, sex, egg-bearing status, and carapace (upper shell) length. The ventless traps improve scientists’ ability to estimate and predict trends in small and sublegal lobster that have not been caught, as well as provide information about changes in length structure over time for males and females.
In 1999, a large lobster die-off occurred in the Long Island Sound. A study by the Connecticut Sea Grant program on the incident determined that the lobster population was severely stressed due to “hostile environmental conditions” driven by above-average water temperatures. That year, scientists also identified a new lobster disease called paramoebiasis that is caused by the parasite, paramoebae. This parasite invades and attacks a lobster’s nervous tissue – ultimately leading to the lobster’s death. The parasite was found in 94 percent of the lobsters scientists tested in Long Island Sound during 1999. Scientists determined that the parasite was so successful at invading the Long Island Sound lobster population because the lobster’s immune system was weakened during a period of sustained high-stress, above average temperatures. These studies are important as lobsters are especially sensitive to increases in temperature and as climate change continues to cause sea temperatures to rise throughout the world’s oceans.
Management:American lobster is one the most commercially and culturally significant fisheries in the US with annual landings being valued at over US $500 million (in 2014). The majority of landings occur in Maine and in Massachusetts respectively – with the two states accounting for 94 percent of the total US catch. There are three main stocks of American lobster in the US: the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, and Southern New England stocks. Of these three stocks, the Gulf of Maine and Southern New England stocks are primarily inshore fisheries and the Georges Bank stock is primarily an offshore fishery. Roughly 94 percent of coastal, inshore landings occur in the Gulf of Maine.
The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) and NOAA Fisheries cooperatively manage the US American lobster fishery under the framework of the ASFMC. The ASMFC is a regulatory body made up of the 15 coastal Atlantic states and is responsible for managing the American lobster fishery in state waters (up to three miles offshore) under the Interstate Fishery Management Plan for American Lobster. NOAA Fisheries implements complementary regulations for US offshore waters (three to 200 miles from shore) under the Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Cooperative Management Act. US Management of American lobster is divided between the three aforementioned stock areas as well as seven specific management areas. Of the seven management areas, six of the seven are made up of both state and federal waters whereas only one area is entirely within state jurisdiction. Each management area has a Lobster Conservation Management Team made up of industry representatives that recommend measures to address the specific needs within their management area. These recommendations are then brought to the ASFMC Lobster Management Board that is made of up three representatives for each lobster harvesting state and one representative from NOAA Fisheries. The Management Board deliberates and ultimately votes on management measures for the American lobster fishery (each state has one vote as does NOAA).
While each management area has specific regulations, management measures between the areas are often similar and generally include:
- Size limits (both minimum and maximum size);
- Trap limits;
- Measures to protect egg-bearing females – fishers cannot harvest them and if caught, must notch their tail fin into a “V” shape before returning it to the water. This ensures future fishers will release the lobster, even when the female lobster is not bearing eggs;
- Requirements that lobsters be landed live and brought to port whole;
- Gear restrictions including trap configurations and escape panels (to prevent ghost fishing and reduce bycatch of undersized lobsters); and,
- Monitoring and reporting requirements.
According to a 2015 stock assessment conducted by the ASMFC there is currently a record high stock abundance and recruitment in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank stocks. These two stocks are relatively well managed and are not considered to be overfished. However, the Southern New England stock has been in decline since the 1990’s and is currently at record low abundance and recruitment due to both environmental factors as well as fishing pressure. To address the decline, the Lobster Management Board has approved a suite of measures to allow the Southern New England stock to rebuild. These measures include a trap reduction program, closed seasons for particular areas, and a trap consolidation/transfer program.
Additionally, U.S. lobster fishers must follow measures outlined in the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan to avoid entangling whales in their trap/pot gear. These measures require that lobster fishers haul their active traps at least once every 30 days, use sinking ground lines between traps to reduce the amount of line in the water column, as well as restrictions on where and how gear can be set.
The Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Canada manages the American lobster fishery in Canada. American lobster is one of Canada’s most valuable seafood exports with the majority (78 percent) being exported to the United States. There are 45 lobster fisheries (or “lobster fishing areas”) in Canada – with 43 being inshore, one offshore, and one closed for conservation measures. About 10,000 licensed harvesters take part in the 45 fisheries. Among management measures, the DFO establishes for the inshore lobster fishery include:
- Limits on the number of licenses issued and limits on the number of traps that can be used;
- Establishing fishing seasons (fishing is generally prohibited between July and September to protect Summer molts);
- Measures to protect egg-bearing females – fishers cannot harvest them and if caught, must notch their tail fin into a “V” shape before returning it to the water. This ensures future fishers will release the lobster, even when the female lobster is not bearing eggs;
- Minimum and maximum size limits; and,
- Gear restrictions and trap designs to allow undersized lobsters to escape as well as biodegradable escape panels to prevent ghost fishing in case a trap is lost at sea.
The offshore lobster fishery also establishes a total allowable catch limit for that particular lobster fishing area that is currently set at 720 tons annually.
Additionally, management measures have been implemented to reduce interactions with large marine fauna, such as North Atlantic right whales and minke whales. These include:
- Seasonal restrictions to minimize the overlap between fishing seasons and whale migrations;
- Trap and license limits;
- Time limits on how long a trap can be left unattended (72 hours); and,
- Mandatory reporting of any Endangered, Threatened, or Protected (ETP) species.
In 2018, DFO implemented extensive static and dynamic closures. An extensive static closure of almost 6500 square kilometers (2510 square miles) in size occurred in the Gulf of St Lawrence in 2018 and lasted the entire fishing season. A dynamic closure occurs when a North Atlantic right whale is identified, and an area closure is then implemented around the whale. During closures fishers must remove non-tended fixed gear from the closed area. Other management measures include limits on the amount of rope floating at the water surface and mandatory lost gear reporting. As of December 2018, it is unclear as to whether or not these two measures have been implemented.
Impact on Stock
American lobster, also marketed as Maine lobster, is slow-growing and late-maturing. Some lobsters can live to be 100 years old. These characteristics contribute to lobster’s low resiliency to fishing pressure as well as unfavorable environmental conditions. American lobster is found from Newfoundland to the Carolinas and is most abundant in the Gulf of Maine, where the stock is considered healthy. The Georges Bank lobster stock started to decline in 2005, but is still considered relatively high. Stock in Southern New England is depleted due to a combination of factors but is not overfished, according to the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
Habitat Impacts
Most American lobsters are caught with wire-mesh traps placed on the seafloor. Although these traps have the potential to do damage to rocky areas where lobsters live, measures have been taken to minimize risk, including size limits on gear and using weights to minimize movement. There is also some evidence that lobster pots can have positive effects on the environment by temporarily serving as a reef habitat and shelter from trawls and dredges.
Bycatch
American lobster pots and traps tend to have low bycatch rates. However, endangered North Atlantic humpback and right whales have gotten entangled in lobster fishing gear and died, causing ongoing concern. Lobster traps can also result in a high number of shellfish and crab bycatch. Regulations require that lobster traps have biodegradable escape panels and escape vents so ghost fishing does not occur, according to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service. Bycatch in Canadian lobster fisheries is generally low – with target species making up for 90 percent of the catch. The main bycatch species in the lobster fishery in Canada are wolfish and cusk. Interactions, such as gear entanglements, between the fishery and large marine fauna such as North Atlantic right whales, fin whales, and leatherback turtles, have also been observed. While not necessarily bycatch, the fishery uses Atlantic herring and Atlantic mackerel as bait, both of which are depleted and experiencing overfishing.
Management Effectiveness
In the U.S., the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission and NOAA Fisheries manage American lobster stocks cooperatively. In Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada manages the resource. Management measures include stock assessments every two to five years, trap surveys, gear restrictions, permit requirements, limits on harvest amounts, size limits, and electronic reporting. While management in the American lobster fishery is generally considered effective, the Monterey Bay Aquarium rated the harvest strategy management in Southern New England a very high concern in mid-2012 because American lobster stock there was so depleted and had not improved. Management of Canadian American lobster fisheries is considered to be moderately effective. The Canadian fishery is managed with 45 Lobster Fishing Areas and management measures limit the number of licenses, traps, and the duration of the fishing season. However, measures have not been successful at reducing exploitation rates, and have allowed current exploitation rates to generally remain too high.
Origin | Harvest Method | Sustainability Ratings | FIP Source |
---|---|---|---|
Canada - Atlantic | Pot/Trap | ||
Canada - Atlantic (MSC) | Traps | ||
Canada - Gulf of St. Lawrence (MSC) | Pot/Trap | ||
Canada - Magdalen Islands (MSC) | Pots | ||
Canada - Newfoundland & Labrador | Pot/Trap | ||
Canada - Newfoundland & Labrador (FIP) | Pot/Trap | ||
Unassessed Origin | Unassessed Fishing Methods | ||
USA - Georges Bank | Pot/Trap | ||
USA - Gulf of Maine | Pot/Trap | ||
USA - Gulf of Maine & Georges Bank (FIP) | Pot/Trap | ||
USA - Southern New England | Pot/Trap |
Name | Country | State/Province |
---|---|---|
AGE Lobster Inc. | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Alewive's Brook Farm | United States | Maine |
Aqua Star | United States | Washington |
Atlantic Red Crab Company | United States | Massachusetts |
Barry Group, Inc. | Canada | Newfoundland and Labrador |
Beaver Street Fisheries | United States | Florida |
Blue Ribbon Meats | United States | Ohio |
Boston Lobster Company | United States | Massachusetts |
Boston Sword and Tuna | United States | Massachusetts |
Calendar Islands Maine Lobster | United States | Maine |
Cap Morrill's Premium Seafood | United States | Maine |
Catanese Classic Seafood | United States | Ohio |
City Fish | Canada | Alberta |
Clearwater Seafoods | United States | Virginia |
Codfathers Seafood Market | Canada | British Columbia |
Craig's All Natural | United States | New Hampshire |
Darel Co Inc. DBA Elafood USA | United States | Massachusetts |
DEL MARE LLC | United States | Florida |
Dennisport Lobster Co. | United States | Massachusetts |
Dorr Lobster Co., Inc. | United States | Maine |
Empire Fish Company | United States | Wisconsin |
Euclid Fish Company | United States | Ohio |
Fisherman's Market International Inc. | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Foley Fish | United States | Massachusetts |
Fortune Fish & Gourmet | United States, United States, United States, United States, United States, United States | Illinois |
Gidney Fisheries Limited | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Gulf Atlantic Seafood, Inc. | Canada | New Brunswick |
I. Deveau Fisheries Ltd. | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Imperial Seafood and Shellfish Inc. | United States | Ohio |
Intercity Packers Meat & Seafood | Canada | British Columbia |
J.P.'s Shellfish, Inc. | United States | Maine |
John Nagle Co. | United States | Massachusetts |
Lobster Trap | United States | Massachusetts |
Lusamerica Foods | United States, United States, United States | California |
Lynch Lobster | United States | Massachusetts |
M&B Sea Products, Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
Maine Coast | United States | Maine |
Maine Lobster Outlet | United States | Maine |
Maine Shellfish Company | United States | Maine |
Marder Trawling, Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
Mazzetta Company, LLC. | United States | Illinois |
Mikuni Wild Harvest | United States | Washington |
Milanu Trade LLC | United States | Maine |
Monterey Fish Market | United States | California |
Mood Fisheries Ltd. | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Narragansett Bay Lobsters | United States | Rhode Island |
Northeast Oceans | United States | Massachusetts |
Northern Lakes Seafood & Meats | United States | Michigan |
Northern Wind, Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
OM Seafood Company | United States | Oregon |
Pacific Harvest Seafoods | United States | California |
Port Clyde Fresh Catch | United States | Maine |
Profish Ltd. | United States | District of Columbia |
Providence Bay Fish Company | United States | Rhode Island |
Ready Seafood Co. | United States | Maine |
Rebellion Seafoods | United States | New York |
Royal Hawaiian Seafood | United States | California |
Royal Star Foods | Canada | Prince Edward Island |
Sam Rust Seafood | United States | Virginia |
Sammy's Seafood Inc | United States | Florida |
Samuels & Son Seafood Company, Inc. | United States | Pennsylvania |
Sanders Lobster Company | United States | New Hampshire |
Santa Monica Seafood, Inc. | United States | California |
Sarasota Seafood Company | United States | Florida |
Sea to Table, USA | United States | New York |
Seacore Seafood | Canada | Ontario |
Seattle Fish Co | United States | Colorado |
Seattle Fish Company - Kansas City | United States | Missouri |
Seattle Fish Company of New Mexico | United States | New Mexico |
SHS, LLC. | United States | Colorado |
Shucks Maine Lobster | United States | Maine |
Sizzlefish | United States | North Carolina |
Sogelco International, Inc. | Canada | Quebec |
Star Fisheries Inc. | United States | California |
Stavis Seafoods | United States | Massachusetts |
Steve Connolly Seafood Company Inc. | United States | Massachusetts |
The Fish Guys Inc. | United States | Minnesota |
The Lobster Place Wholesale Seafood | United States | New York |
Tri-Star Seafood Supply Ltd. | Canada | British Columbia |
Vital Choice Seafood | United States | Washington |
Whitecap International Seafood Exporters | Canada | Newfoundland and Labrador |
Xsealent Seafood Company | Canada | Nova Scotia |
Acknowledgements
- Environmental Defense Fund
- NOAA Fisheries
- Seafood Watch Program
- SeafoodSource